Employment law is a very large topic in which the principles of tort and contract have been greatly added to by specific legislation. The history of employment law begins in 19th century with the industrialization of Western countries.
Today, English law makes a clear distinction between employees and self-employed individuals. Employees have more legal rights because they are thought to be in a weaker economic position than self-employed. (to be finished till 04.09 :) )
Saturday, April 7, 2007
Internet frauds
What is an Internet fraud? It is any type of fraud scheme that uses one or more components of the Internet. The components may be: chat rooms, message boards, e-mail, or Web sites... People who engage in fraud, often seek to take advantage of the unique capabilities of the Internet, like sending e-mail messages worldwide only in seconds, or posting Web site information which is accessible from anywhere in the world...
Here are some typical and most common Internet fraud schemes: auction and retail schemes online (most frequently reported form of Internet fraud) (these schemes induce their victims to send money for the promised items, but then deliver nothing or only an item far less valuable than what was promised) ; business opportunity/"Work-at-Home" schemes online (fraudulent schemes often use the Internet to advertise purported business opportunities that will allow individuals to earn thousands of dollars a month in "work-at-home" ventures.) ; credit-card schemes (some Internet fraud schemes, which appear to be variations on the online auction schemes described earlier, involve the use of unlawfully obtained credit card numbers to order goods or services online.).
So, as you can see, new, innovative technologies may be used for very bad purposes (especially when talking about the vulnerabilities of the new technologies) as well as good... People should be extremely careful to protect themselves from these kinds of frauds... Fortunately, there are some simple ways to at least increase your safety. If you want to avoid being frauded, you should be very careful about giving out valuable personal data online and be especially careful about online communications with someone who conceals his/her true identity.
There is also an institution which prosecutes the cases of Internet frauds. It's the Dept. of Justice, and it established its Internet Fraud Initiative in February, 1999 ...
Here are some typical and most common Internet fraud schemes: auction and retail schemes online (most frequently reported form of Internet fraud) (these schemes induce their victims to send money for the promised items, but then deliver nothing or only an item far less valuable than what was promised) ; business opportunity/"Work-at-Home" schemes online (fraudulent schemes often use the Internet to advertise purported business opportunities that will allow individuals to earn thousands of dollars a month in "work-at-home" ventures.) ; credit-card schemes (some Internet fraud schemes, which appear to be variations on the online auction schemes described earlier, involve the use of unlawfully obtained credit card numbers to order goods or services online.).
So, as you can see, new, innovative technologies may be used for very bad purposes (especially when talking about the vulnerabilities of the new technologies) as well as good... People should be extremely careful to protect themselves from these kinds of frauds... Fortunately, there are some simple ways to at least increase your safety. If you want to avoid being frauded, you should be very careful about giving out valuable personal data online and be especially careful about online communications with someone who conceals his/her true identity.
There is also an institution which prosecutes the cases of Internet frauds. It's the Dept. of Justice, and it established its Internet Fraud Initiative in February, 1999 ...
Civil and public law
Civil law is opposed to public law (criminal law as well) and it includes the following: law of contract (law of obligations), law of tort, law of property, law of succession, private law and the family law, while the areas of public law are constitutional law, administrative law and criminal law. The main difference between these two areas which is very easy to understand is that civil law governs the relations between private individuals and public law governs the relationship between individuals (citizens or companies) and the state.
In common law countries, there is a thing called a civil code, which is a systematic compilation in core areas of private law. The standards of proof in the civil court aren't as high as they are in criminal cases. Civil actions are usually started by individuals, and criminal actions are always started by the state (in England). When talking about the public law, the biggest problem I think is public/private law distinction, which is solved differently in different countries (to see how it is solved in Canada, USA and German speaking countries, follow this link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law )
In conclusion, I must say that civil law and public law are very important law areas, because they govern very important relationships...
In common law countries, there is a thing called a civil code, which is a systematic compilation in core areas of private law. The standards of proof in the civil court aren't as high as they are in criminal cases. Civil actions are usually started by individuals, and criminal actions are always started by the state (in England). When talking about the public law, the biggest problem I think is public/private law distinction, which is solved differently in different countries (to see how it is solved in Canada, USA and German speaking countries, follow this link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_law )
In conclusion, I must say that civil law and public law are very important law areas, because they govern very important relationships...
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